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Unless you dither colours that are so similar that you wouldn't need to dither them in the first place (except to break up the smooth lines that the brain would home in on), you'll probably be able to notice the individual pixels. That's just the nature of our screens these days. I'm sure on a CRT screen, this image would look very smooth and perfect. As a cost of having an overall clearer, sharper image, dithering has become much less effective. This image looks smooth at first glance and the dithering only becomes noticeable if you look at it for a bit longer, and I think that's enough to call it a successful application of dithering.
Aside from low-contrast colours, colours with their neutralisers will tend to blend well as long as they're in a checkerboard pattern. CRTs blended the actual output, but LCD screens do not and it's up to the brain to do the blending. Effective dithering now has to be an optical effect to trick the eye, whereas before it was more about tricking the hardware. Tricking the eye (or rather, the brain) is more difficult because it's much more interested in finding detail than ignoring/blending it. Very low-contrast patterns will blend, as will colour-neutraliser checkerboard patterns. Everything else is likely to prove a challenge.
Sure, this one and this.